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Bibliographic standards |
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There are a number of bibliographic standards in existence, and
different publishing companies and journals typically use
different ones. However, there are many good reasons for using
the simplest possible standard - among other things because it
is easier to write, and easier to convert into another, more
complex standard, if you need to. The simplest standard I know,
which I strongly recommend, is the following (some details are
lacking and will be included later):
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Contents
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Inserting
references in the text
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Without page numbers:
Example: "...of a shared language. On the other
hand, the very transformation of that work into a foreign
language inevitably removes some of its qualities (Wierzbicka
1989). Any anthropologist..."
With page numbers:
Example: "...with the sentence: 'It is very tempting
to begin a book of this kind with the statement that there is no
such thing as anthropological theory' (Moore 1999: 1). She
then..."
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- No commas, semicolons or
"p." (page) markings.
- Colon after the year if
there is a page number.
- Space between colon and page
number.
- Do not place references
in footnotes! (Please!)
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Ibid and
Op.cit.:
You are advised not to use these abbreviations, which are
generally only used in older texts. They are designed for full
referencing in footnotes, without a separate bibliography.
Op.cit. in particular, is a very impractical form of reference.
If you must use them, this is the correct usage:
ibid. - Refers to the same text and author that
you referred to in the previous reference.
Example: "...subtantial increases in BNP (Hobsbawm
1992: 63) and in the labor force (ibid.: 68)..."
op.cit. - Is always used with the author's name,
and refers to the last text by that author that you have
referred to.
Example: "...transactions, according to Barth (Barth
1963: 8) provide a novel mode of conceptualizing social
dynamics. As Paine (Paine 1975: 18) has pointed out, Barth's
formulation is inconsistent if we consider incorporating
practices (Barth, op.cit.: 12)..."
For more details, see: http://www.sas.upenn.edu/chem/library/infoclass/ibid.html
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Placing
references in your bibliography
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a)
Book:
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Verdery, Katherine. 1999. The
political lives of dead bodies: Reburial and postsocialist
change. New York: Columbia University Press.
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- Period after author name,
publication date, title.
- Colon after place of
publication.
- Book title in italics.
- No parentheses; no bold
face; no quotation marks.
- No in-sentence
capitalization.
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b)
Journal article:
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| Rivkin-Fish, Michele.
2001. Personal transitions and moral change after socialism:
The politics of remedies in Russian public health. Anthropology
of East Europe Review, 19 (1), p.29-38. |
- Comma between journal name
and volume / number.
- Comma between volume /
number and page number.
- Journal volume and number
are written after each other, with and without parentheses,
respectively.
- No bold; no quotation marks.
- No in-sentence
capitalization.
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c)
Article in edited volume:
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| Kaneff, Deema
& Lale Yalcin-Heckmann. 2003. Retreat to the cooperative
or to the household? In C. Hann, ed.: The postsocialist agrarian
question: Property rights and the rural condition. Münster:
LitVerlag, p.219-254. |
- "In"
("I" in Danish or Norwegian) without colon.
- "ed. / eds."
("red." in Danish or Norwegian) without
parentheses or capitals; but with comma before it.
- Second author's and editor's
name with first name first.
- Comma between publisher and
page numbers.
- No parentheses; no bold; no
quotation marks.
- No in-sentence
capitalization.
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Note
on the use of full first names in references
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With references in text,
you do not use first names - only the last name. The only
exception is when you refer to titles by two authors with the
same last name, published in the same year. In such cases,
include the first initial of the author (F. Nielsen 2002; S.
Nielsen 2002)). There is only one case when you you should use
the full first name in references in text: If you refer to
titles by two authors with the same first initial, published in
the same year (Frank Nielsen 2002; Finn Nielsen 2002).
With references in the
bibliography it is not obligatory to use full first
names. There are at least two good reasons to do so, though:
- If you include the first
name, it is easier to find the author on the Internet.
- By including the first name,
you indicate the author's gender. In many situations this is
relevant information; for example if you are writing about
male initiation and all your references are to women...
Even people who consistently
use the first name of authors, normally use only initials in the
name of editors (as in point "c)" above).
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