Using internet sources |
Click
here to see an
excellent page about how to use Internet sources critically.
There are many good links from this page, which are worth
checking out. In time, I will collect some of the most important
points from these pages and place them here, but for now, you
will have to look through the links yourself.
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How do I reference internet
sources?
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When you use an Internet
source, you should try to find all the information about it that
you would include in a regular bibliography (author, date of
publication, publisher, journal in which it was published, etc.;
see bibliographical standards).
However, in many cases this will be impossible, since many pages
do not include any bibliographical information at all. In such
cases, include whatever you can find (e.g. the author's
name, or the title of the page and/or the website).
When you refer to the Internet
source in your text, do it just as in normal bibliographical
references (e.g. "Bourdieu 1989"; see
bibliographical standards). If you cannot find the author's
name and/or the publication date, you may refer to the source by
numbering it.
Example: "...this
page is very concerned with issues of violence and racism
(Internet source 12), while such themes are not mentioned on
other, similar sites (e.g. Internet source 5, 11, 23)..."
In the bibliography, you should
list all the regular bibliographical information you use in
other references - if you can find it. If you cannot find the
author, list it alphabetically under "I", as
"Internet source X", followed by the page title etc.
In addition, you must always include the following items:
- The date on
which you downloaded the page. (e.g. "Downloaded:
25.12.2003")
- The full URL
of the page from which you retrieved the information. Do NOT
simply reference the website, which may have thousands of
pages, but give to the full URL of the specific page
where the information was displayed.
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How do I find the full URL
of a webpage?
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Often, the full URL may be
copied directly from the address bar at the top of your web
browser (click on the address to mark it, and hit
"Ctrl+C"). However, pages that use "frames"
do not show the correct address in the address bar. You
may check if frames are being used by clicking the
"Back" button while watching the URL, and then
clicking the "Forward" button again. If the address
does not change while you are doing this, then the page
uses frames. In such cases, do the following:
- Well-behaved websites often
include a link on the page, with a text saying: "No
frames" or "Remove frames" or "Printer
friendly version" or something similar. If you click on
this link, the page will be displayed without frames, and
you may copy the URL as explained above.
- If you cannot find such a
link, you should (in Windows) right-click somewhere in the
middle of the text you are citing, and choose
"Properties" ("Egenskaber"). A menu will
then appear, with a subtitle saying "Address
(URL)". Mark the address - by clicking once in front of
the initial "http", holding the mouse button down
and dragging the cursor to the end of the address. Sometimes
the address may be so long that it doesn't all show up at
once, but just continue dragging the cursor down and to the
right! The address will then scroll up, and eventually you
will have marked it all. Right-click on the marked text, and
choose "Copy". Now you may paste the result into
your bibliography.
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