Using internet sources

 
Click here
to see an excellent page about how to use Internet sources critically. There are many good links from this page, which are worth checking out. In time, I will collect some of the most important points from these pages and place them here, but for now, you will have to look through the links yourself.
 

How do I reference internet sources?

When you use an Internet source, you should try to find all the information about it that you would include in a regular bibliography (author, date of publication, publisher, journal in which it was published, etc.; see bibliographical standards). However, in many cases this will be impossible, since many pages do not include any bibliographical information at all. In such cases, include whatever you can find (e.g. the author's name, or the title of the page and/or the website).

When you refer to the Internet source in your text, do it just as in normal bibliographical references (e.g. "Bourdieu 1989"; see bibliographical standards). If you cannot find the author's name and/or the publication date, you may refer to the source by numbering it.

Example: "...this page is very concerned with issues of violence and racism (Internet source 12), while such themes are not mentioned on other, similar sites (e.g. Internet source 5, 11, 23)..."

In the bibliography, you should list all the regular bibliographical information you use in other references - if you can find it. If you cannot find the author, list it alphabetically under "I", as "Internet source X", followed by the page title etc. In addition, you must always include the following items:

  • The date on which you downloaded the page. (e.g. "Downloaded: 25.12.2003")
  • The full URL of the page from which you retrieved the information. Do NOT simply reference the website, which may have thousands of pages, but give to the full URL of the specific page where the information was displayed.
How do I find the full URL of a webpage?

Often, the full URL may be copied directly from the address bar at the top of your web browser (click on the address to mark it, and hit "Ctrl+C"). However, pages that use "frames" do not show the correct address in the address bar. You may check if frames are being used by clicking the "Back" button while watching the URL, and then clicking the "Forward" button again. If the address does not change while you are doing this, then the page uses frames. In such cases, do the following:

  1. Well-behaved websites often include a link on the page, with a text saying: "No frames" or "Remove frames" or "Printer friendly version" or something similar. If you click on this link, the page will be displayed without frames, and you may copy the URL as explained above.
     
  2. If you cannot find such a link, you should (in Windows) right-click somewhere in the middle of the text you are citing, and choose "Properties" ("Egenskaber"). A menu will then appear, with a subtitle saying "Address (URL)". Mark the address - by clicking once in front of the initial "http", holding the mouse button down and dragging the cursor to the end of the address. Sometimes the address may be so long that it doesn't all show up at once, but just continue dragging the cursor down and to the right! The address will then scroll up, and eventually you will have marked it all. Right-click on the marked text, and choose "Copy". Now you may paste the result into your bibliography.

By: Finn Sivert Nielsen

Institut for antropologi, Københavns Universitet
Frederiksholms kanal 4, DK-1220 København K, Denmark
Tel: +45 35323464 - Fax: +45 35323465 - E-mail: reception@anthro.ku.dk